When there is no object (with or without by) after a verb, you must look at the meaning of the sentence to determine if the verb should be active or passive. Sentence with an incorrect passive verb and no by + object to tell you that the verb should be passive are the most difficult passive errors to recognize on the TOEFL.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEANINGS
active The subject does the action of the verb
passive The subject recevies the action of the verb.
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