Appositives can cause confusion in the structure section of the TOEFL test because an appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentece. An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun has the same meaning.
Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.
In this example sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can easily be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the noun student and because of the commas. The sentence says that sally and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense (sally got an A on the exam).
Appositives
An appositives is a noun that comes before of after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas. If a word is an appositive, it is not the subject. the following appositive structures are both possible in English:
s app v
Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car.
app s v
A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car.
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